Traditional Tanjore Paintings: A Timeless Art from South India

Tanjore paintings, also known as Thanjavur paintings, are one of the most cherished classical art forms of South India. Originating from the culturally rich town of Thanjavur (anglicized as Tanjore) in Tamil Nadu, this traditional art form is deeply rooted in devotion, symbolism, and opulence. Famed for their brilliant use of 22K gold foil, vivid colors, and intricate detailing, Tanjore paintings have transcended centuries and remain highly sought after by art lovers and spiritual seekers alike.

In this blog, we take you through the history, making, significance, types, and enduring legacy of traditional Tanjore paintings.

1. The Origin and History of Tanjore Paintings

Tanjore paintings trace their origins back to the 16th century during the Nayak rule of the Vijayanagara Empire. The Nayakas were great patrons of art and culture, and they encouraged temple art in various forms, including murals, sculptures, and paintings. This tradition was further nurtured during the Maratha rule in the 17th and 18th centuries, under the reign of Serfoji II.

The Tanjore style emerged as a devotional art form, with paintings being created as offerings in temples and homes. These artworks primarily depicted Hindu gods and goddesses and were used to tell mythological stories and celebrate divine virtues. The blend of local Tamil artisanship with influences from Deccan, Maratha, and even European traditions gave rise to a unique painting style.

2. Unique Features of Traditional Tanjore Paintings

What makes Tanjore paintings stand apart from other classical art forms in India is their richness, depth, and divine aura. Here are some of the signature elements that define a traditional Tanjore painting:

a) Use of 22K Gold Foil

One of the most striking features is the use of pure gold foil in the artwork. The gold is used to highlight ornaments, thrones, arches, and divine auras, giving the painting a luminous and three-dimensional effect. Unlike imitation foil, real gold retains its brilliance for decades.

b) Embossed and Relief Work

Tanjore paintings are known for their embossed detailing, achieved using a mixture called gesso (a blend of chalk powder and gum). This raised surface gives depth to ornaments and backgrounds.

c) Vibrant Colours

Traditionally, natural dyes and vegetable colors were used. Today, bright synthetic colors dominate, adding vibrancy without losing the essence.

d) Wooden Board (Palagai Padam)

Traditional Tanjore paintings are not done on canvas. Instead, a wooden plank (often made from teak or jackfruit wood) is used as the base, giving the artwork long-lasting durability.

e) Glass Framing

Once completed, the paintings are covered with protective glass and framed in intricately carved wooden frames, often with floral or temple motifs.

3. Subjects and Themes in Tanjore Paintings

Tanjore paintings predominantly portray Hindu religious themes, focusing on deities and scenes from Indian epics. Some of the popular subjects include

• Lord Ganesha—depicted in vibrant colors, often seated with modaks and musical instruments.
  
  

• Lord Krishna—scenes from Krishna’s childhood (as Bala Krishna), playing the flute, or with Radha.
  
  

• Lord Rama—often shown with Sita, Lakshmana, and Hanuman.
  
  

• Goddess Lakshmi—seated on a lotus, symbolizing wealth and prosperity.
  
  

• Goddess Saraswati—with a veena, representing wisdom and learning.
  
  

• Murugan, Durga, Vishnu, and Shiva are other common deities.
  
  

Apart from Hindu gods, some paintings also include Jain, Buddhist, and even secular themes in later adaptations.

4. The Process of Creating a Tanjore Painting

Creating a traditional Tanjore painting is a labour-intensive and meditative process, involving multiple stages:

Step 1: Preparing the Wooden Base

A seasoned wooden plank is selected, often measuring 1 to 3 feet. It is then coated with a canvas cloth dipped in a mixture of chalk powder and gum Arabic. Once dry, the surface is smoothed using sandpaper.

Step 2: Sketching the Outline

The main figure or deity is drawn using charcoal or pencil. The outlines are precise and balanced, often following traditional iconography and proportions.

Step 3: Gesso Work for Embossing

The artist applies a gesso paste (chalk powder + gum) to create embossed surfaces – usually for ornaments, crowns, and arches. This stage gives the artwork a three-dimensional look.

Step 4: Laying the Gold Foil

Once the gesso dries, 22K gold foil is carefully pasted over the embossed areas. The gold is then burnished gently to ensure shine and adhesion.

Step 5: Painting the Details

After the gold is set, the rest of the painting is filled with bright colours, often using a palette of red, green, blue, and white. The facial expressions, eyes, jewellery, and backgrounds are painted with care and precision.

Step 6: Finishing and Framing

The completed artwork is varnished for protection and finally framed behind glass to preserve the delicate features and gold work.

5. Spiritual Significance of Tanjore Paintings

More than just decorative pieces, traditional Tanjore paintings are spiritual icons. They are often placed in puja rooms, temples, or meditation spaces. Many believe that these paintings:

• Invite divine energy into the home.
  
  

• Bring positivity, peace, and prosperity.
  
  

• Act as a visual form of prayer and devotion.

The detailed facial expressions of deities, their postures, and symbolic elements are carefully designed to evoke bhakti (devotion) and divine presence.

6. Types and Styles of Tanjore Paintings

Though traditional Tanjore paintings follow a standard format, variations have evolved over time:

a) Classic Tanjore Style

This adheres to strict iconographic rules, gold work, and embossed detailing. Mostly used for religious themes.

b) Contemporary Tanjore Art

Modern artists now experiment with secular subjects, family portraits, or fusion styles, using the same Tanjore technique.

c) Miniature Tanjore Paintings

These are smaller versions of traditional artworks, perfect for compact spaces or gifting purposes.

d) 3D Tanjore Paintings

Advanced embossing and layering techniques give a lifelike 3D feel, especially on the deity’s ornaments and attire.

7. Preserving and Caring for Tanjore Paintings

Owning a Tanjore painting is like owning a piece of heritage. Proper care can help preserve its brilliance for decades.

• Avoid direct sunlight—it may dull the gold and fade the colors.
  
  

• Keep in dry areas—moisture can affect the wood and gold foil.
  
  

• Clean gently with a dry cloth—avoid chemical cleaners.
  
  

• Always use protective glass framing for longevity.
  
  
  

8. Why Tanjore Paintings Are Still Popular Today

Despite the rise of modern art and digital prints, Tanjore paintings remain timeless because

• They are handmade, and each piece is unique.
  
  

• They represent heritage and craftsmanship.
  
  

• They hold religious and emotional significance.
  
  

• They serve as luxurious gifts and heirlooms.
  
  

• Their gold work and divine theme add aesthetic value to any space.
  
  

Art collectors, interior designers, and traditional households continue to invest in this art form for its cultural and decorative value.

9. Where to Buy Authentic Tanjore Paintings

If you’re looking to invest in a genuine Tanjore painting, consider purchasing from certified artisans, art galleries, or reputable online platforms like

• Ethnic Tanjore Arts—www.ethnictanjorearts.com
  A Chennai-based brand known for handcrafted Tanjore paintings made using traditional techniques and certified 22K gold foil.
  
  

• Government emporiums and exhibitions such as Dastkar, Poompuhar, and Crafts Council of India.
  
  

Ensure that the artist or brand provides certificates of authenticity, especially for the gold content and handmade assurance.

10. Conclusion: A Legacy Worth Preserving

Traditional Tanjore paintings are more than just visual masterpieces; they are a living tradition, deeply interwoven with the spiritual and cultural identity of Tamil Nadu. As modernity evolves, this art form continues to stay relevant, thanks to its timeless beauty, sacred themes, and meticulous craftsmanship.

Whether you are a collector, a devotee, or simply someone who appreciates Indian heritage, a Tanjore painting is a treasure that brings art, history, and divinity together in the most beautiful way.